First and foremost it contains Iron which is magnetic. Use a magnet. It won't tell you what alloys are in the steel though. Lower grades of stainless are magnetic. Second would be an acid test. A series of different acids are placed on the steel and each one reacts to different elements (alloys). By observing color changes you can identify these and get a close guess as to what type of steel. Steel alloys are so varied it is very difficult to determine exactly what it contains. The manufacturers produce steel to meet certain requirements (tensile strength, malleability, hardness, etc) so the mixture can be made up of many alloys of varying amounts. Most steel electrodes will weld most steels. I have also seen an individual touch the steel with a grinder and identify it by the shape and color of the sparks.
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